Burt Rutan (1988) pioneered composite materials in aircraft ranging from drones and business jets to the famed Voyager, which flew around the world without refueling.

Rowland Redington (1989) of General Electric was well past age 40 when he made his engineering mark-cutting-edge CT and MRI scanners for medical diagnostics.

Raymond Kurzweil (1990) invented products based on artificial intelligence, including music synthesizers and a reading machine for the blind.

Terry Haber (1991) kept health-care workers safe from AIDS with revolutionary syringes that prevent accidental needlesticks.

Victor Poirier (1992) introduced some of the first implanted pumps to assist patients suffering from congestive heart failure.

Bonnie Dunbar (1993) helped design the Space Shuttle's heat shield-then did key materials research in space as a NASA astronaut.

Dean Kamen (1994), in the news for his ingenious "Seg-way" scooter, designed the first portable kidney dialysis machine and launched a growing robot design contest in high schools.

Jerome Lemelson (1995) became one of history's most prolific inventors, with ideas ranging from bar code readers to camcorders to toy racing cars.

Alan Mulally (1996) orchestrated the biggest and most complex design project of the 1990s-the Boeing 777.

Bernard Dagarin (1997) held a Hughes engineering team together through two decades of setbacks before successfully sending the Galileo probe into fiery Jupiter.

Brian Muirhead (1998) of the Jet Propulsion Lab put a rover on Mars and did it "faster, better, and cheaper" than anyone would have predicted.

Lynn Otten (1999) of Medtronic calmed the tremors of Parkinson's disease with an implanted system based on neurostimulation.

Hunter Peckham (2000) developed electrical stimulation devices to restore motor function to individuals paralyzed by spinal cord injuries.

Charles Munnerlyn (2001) improved the eyesight of thousands through machines that harness excimer lasers to reshape the cornea.