Thanks!

(April 16 2013!)

Just catching up

Thank you Max!

All classes are good! Good memory refresher!

Hello from Oregon

Thanks Max.

thanks, max.

I learned the most from class 4.   would have like to see a software programming fpga course.

Thank you

Enjoyed all the lectures.My best is obviously is this one though i'm gonna start working on FPGA.

I enjoyed all the classes. Eye opening.

Bye

Thanks,

I especially liked the discussion of the circuit board manufacure

I'd say all four are all equally benifical

Picking up the last days lecture

Wasn't able to attend the live presentation.  Listened to the archived audio today... great presentation as always.  Thanks Max!

Thanks Max. Highly technical lecture.This week session was very informative

Had a meeting during the live session so watching the archive. I found programmable logic the most valuable. I would like to see a whole week session going into it in more detail.

Thanks to Rich, Design News and Digikey for bringing these fantastic classes.

Thank you Max for a great series of classes!

Yes, I can relate to you Max. I used to work with, 3 computes & 4 monitors(big ones) around me.

I found Programmable Devices class most useful.

Can't believe Max's classes are coming to an ens.

ICL? Now you did bring back some memories -- Istarted at slides 4, 5 and 6... (those types) doing math processor and comm processor design. And yes... dealing with ICL codes and all that stuf...

An explanation for FR4 is here:

http://www.ieee802.org/3/ap/public/may04/goergen_01_0504.pdf

It has morphed over the years

@Rich, I really enjoyed part III, Chips and Packages.

Thnaks again MAX.

@Max: Perhaps in your short history of everything such as phones and cameras, you could include a day on cars (focusing on control systems and the transition to electronics there).

Looking forward for more lectures by Max...

@Rich - thank you for the logistics!

Thank you Max!

http://HowToPCB.net

very interesting material

@MAX: On the ANALOG COMPUTER. Some of the participants may call me crazy, but I ventuyre to say, that there is still a reason to use analog computers. Picture this scenario, where the engineer in charge of power generation research, is studying some fancy self-adaptive control system for a group of scatteredsychronous machines. The straight control solution today, no doubt will be digital. However, between sampling times of the A/D & D/A conversions, the synbc. generators are in "open loop" and therefore lprone to instability and/or deviation from the reference signals. In my master thesis, I used the digital computer to do all the fancy controls, but before I plugged it to the actual generation system, I plugged it to the analog computer where the actual process was simulated almost exactly how it is in real life. How would I have done it in this hybrid fashion, if not for the old nanalog Telefunken?

@Rich - which of the 4 classes was most beneficial... equally enjoyed all.

heading off too - thanks again, Max!  Really enjoyed it.   Planning to fiddle-and-diddle with FPGAs as soon as I get my current work overload off my plate.  G'bye all!

Missed the live lecture today... great to have access to the recordings.

Oh I love waffles!

Re: How Computers Work... Don't suppose this would include info regarding home computers?  I come from a marketing background, and trying to set up wi-fi at home with my satellite internet service is incomprehensible to me.  Can't someone invent easier technology for home set up?!

Max, Rich, Design News, and Digi-Key: Thank you for a very informative week!

Max, I posted a You Tube Video you may want to check out when you have a moment.

Yes -- I hope you all have a WONDERFUL weekend

Thanks onc eagain to joining us and hearing me waffle on like this

Bye all, have a good life. See you next time.

[replacedtest24]src="http://www.youtube.com/v/csetx_rw3um?version=3&hl=en_us"type="application/x-shockwave-flash"width="560"height="315"/>

@BruceW - yup!  That keeps it fun though...

Max - my wife thinks I talk too much, too.   The kids just tell me *Enough*!  or walk away while I'm talking...   Teenagers...

There's always that one exception.

Would definitely be interested in that type of course week Max.

RE: "How Computers Work" - Yes, a "Rocky's Boots" journey of logic and its explosive expansion into application-driven solutions.

@BruceW - in this case I clearly remember it being crossing - that's what made it so surprising.   But you're right 99.999% of the time; crossing ok, parallel not so much...

Great example on the swarm code you where talking about earlier.  A real implementation.

<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/cseTX_rW3uM?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

@Alan "But then again, I'd listen to you (and your stories) even if you were just reading the dictionary"

I wish my wife felt the same way -- sad to relate, she feels that she is the only one who has anything worth saying (grin)

Max - history is fun, but I'd prefer lessons to expand my knowledge.   Yesterday's FPGA was a super intro, and all the web sites help to get going with it.   Would love to do more with it - build something step-by-step through the week.

But then again, I'd listen to you (and your stories) even if you were just reading the dictionary...   :)

I still like the idea of doing a "How Computers Work" type week -- where we start off with an AND gate and work ourt way through designing a simple 8-bit processor ...

Ah yes, party lines and waiting for the line to open.

AJW - crossing is okay, parallel hurts

@Kenti -- we would end up talking about all sapects, like handhelds, exchanges, VoIP, ... everything to do with phones -- from where they started to waht it was like having shared (party) lines to the stuff we have today...

@bmatts - ah...   at least I had a sensible idea...  :)    I remember hearing about some board having a problem that turned out to be two traces crossing each other on opposite sides of the board.  (probably 2 layer boards - this was back in mid-70s)  They had to lay it out so they didn't cross.  If I remember right, it had something to do with radar (?) - high RF frequencies.   RF is all black magic to me...

  Thanks Max, Great 5-days!

This was a great refresher week! Seems that you could digress and expound for a follow on course week. CPLD and loading OS and networking, would be great! Thank you and let us know what you have coming up next. Bobs your Uncle and Fannie your Aunt! Take care!

. . . and maybe a day on robotics and CAD - the shift from all mechanical to mostly electrical

But I don;t know if Digi Key would be interested in that

@Max - Telephone today... do you mean these hand held computer/cameras?

Max, both would be great subjects, phones and television.

Another day on camera technology -- pre and post digital

Another day on the television

... and why am i in this hand basket!

Like do one day on the telephone -- how it evolved from the very beginning to where it is now.

I'm in!

The extra ground plans have been one of the ways I've been solving the problems.

You know what I would really like to do -- a course on where we were and how we got where we are.

Programmable devices for a whole week sounds good to me.

(thinking the ground planes would be between the stuff affecting each other...)

@Max Do designers typically specially in chips, boards or systems exclusively? Thanks for an excellent week of classes.

Thanks to everyone for attending -- also for posting these kind comments (these are what those who don th eundergarments of authority and stride the corridors of power at Digi-Key will be looking at to see whether or not to invite me back :-)

Enjoyed most your sense of wonder at what is truly one of the greatest wonders of human achievement.  I am similarly amazed every day at what has been accomplished in electronics and where it is all going - also horrified at how easily it could all come to a sudden stop.  Thanks much for your insights and captivating style.

thanks for the sujestion Kentj.  I would love to see a full week of programmable devices.

@Zwilrich - Raise of hands! Can you see mine?

question - would extra ground planes be an answer to bmatt's problem?   or am I totally out to lunch?

A weeks course in Programmable Devices would be a good addition to the curriculum.

Thank you Rich, Max, and all.

@RICH: A question about next module: Debbuging with Linux. I feel a little of a "jump" here on the subject of Linux. I am now studying on a O'Relly textbook, "Building Embedded Linux Systems" and there is so mu to learn about it before we get into the specifics of debugging ... I wonder what I am missing here.

Thanks - I'll save this as a good introduction for all who ask. I'm an advisor for the tech center at the local high school. I'm sure some students in the Engineering, Information Technology, and Digital Audio-Video programs will benefit.

@Zwilrich - I would!

Thanks for the excellent week.

There can be a "board hook" problem in which the board resonates at 200KHz and 20MHz.  To get rid of that, the board needs to be routed out between the effected traces.

thanks Max

How many of you would like to see a full week course on Programmable Devices?

@bmatts: Re "Max, I've had some problems with impedances within the boards causing me problems with some of my digital circuits.  I would get misshaping of my digital pulses due to impedance within the board.  How do I solve this and is their a place where I can get the formulas."

I'm sorry -- I'm up to my ears -- that's beyond an introductory course -- also I don;t make my own boards these days (I'm too busy writing) maybe someone else can sugges t something

Thanks Max and Rich for the great week. As always, it's a fun way to spend lunch time. Happy Friday all.

Thank you Max for one week of tech review.

Excellent refresher series Max, please do more with DK's CEC.

great job.

Max and DigiKey et al:

Thanks for the lectures. Meeting at 3PM EDT..must go

Thanks again.

Enjoyed the whole week of lectures. Max, hopefully Design News will have you back again!

Thanks to everyone for responding to my questions. It really does help us shape future classes.

Thanks again Max.  Have a great weekend.

Great course. looking forward to the next session thank Max.

have  a good weekend

thanks again MAX

Thanks for the whole week. I've learnt heaps. It's been great!

thanks Max.

Very informative.  Thanks!

Thanks for providing excellent training all week!

Thanks for the whole week Max.  Enjoyed everyday.

Chips, boards, systems - do designers typically specialize in one of these only?

R ethe question about Huntsville -- you woudl not believe how big it's grown (we even have our own StarBucks :-)

Thanks, Max, Rich, and Digi-Key!   (and I'm very much looking forward to the upcoming Linux week)

components are only available online anymore.

Thanks to all involved.

good talk, thanks

Have fun. Thanks

Excellent, Guys, great presentations.  Thank you very much for the info.

Thank you Max for the info!

Regards - Dom Fruges

dfruges@yahoo.com

www.LinkedIn.com/in/dfruges

thank you for the whole week

Great Pres. Hurry back MAX and you live in the best state, I also live in Al. thank you Bill

Thanks for tha all week! Great stuff!

Thanks!!

Thanks Max.

Max, I've had some problems with impedances within the boards causing me problems with some of my digital circuits.  I would get misshaping of my digital pulses due to impedance within the board.  How do I solve this and is their a place where I can get the formulas.

Thank you

Thanks Max!

Thank you very much Max. Really enjoyed it...very informative

Enjoyed the entire series, Thanks

thanks Max

Great series, thanks Max!

Yes, thanks to Max, Digi-Key, and Design News for this excellent opportunity to learn. I don't think I can pick a favorite class. Max made it all interesting and informative.

thanks Max and Digikey

APPLAUSE!!!!!!!!!!

Very good lecture seemed like a review of my carrer, I have seen all of this stuff.

Thank for this and the extra bonus infoemation about the mesh and future technokogies. I realy enjoy. Thanks again  Manuel

Got history in five days on several centuries encapsukled in inteligebt slides + the witness of IT!

Very interesting series again Max

Thanks to Max, Rich, Digi-Key and Design News

Thanks Max!

A TERRIFIC ingredient in this week's talks was Max's way of communicating his awe and delight in view of a sense of history.

Sorry I can't get the audio Max but, good slides.  Easy to follow.

Max, thank you very much.

One quetion:  what package did you use to draw your slides for these webinars ?

Max, God Bless You -- I spent 3.5 years in Huntsville, AL.  You must be made of iron!  How is the BBQ?  I couldn't last down there -- needed a big city for me.  I'm back in NJ now since 2004; not great here but I'm open to other cities.

Max thank you for all week lectures, they're great!

Rich thank you for hosting the lectures

Digikey thank you for being the sponsor

Rich, To answer your question, I enjoyed the Part iv Programmable Devices session the best. Today's was also very informative.

Great series Max, thank you.

The entire week was great Thanks alot max all the best.

thank you Max - a great week of presentations and information - look forward to next series

Max: which do you like Verilog or VHDL?

It's been a great week. Thanks Max!

Thanks for the series Max. It was a great refresher course of what I had worked on for the past 55 years.

Exceptional series, Max.  Looking forward to reading your books, and your next series of webinars.

Thanks

Max - I joined late too - sure!   start over!    (and then we'll find someone else that came in late so you can do the lecture over and over!!!   :)

great class Max

hope you teach some more!

I will sign up for all of them

Thanks Max! You Rule!

Thanks,Max.

thank you Max

thanks MAX

Thank you Max and Rich.

Thanks again Max!  Great presentation!  Thanks for a great week!

thank you Max,

What time on Monday, Max?  :)

thaks

Thanks Max!  Great course!

@richnass - *damn* I'm smart!!!   :)

@AlanJayWeiner - He did some in semester 1.  Jon Titus did one on microcontrollers too that was pretty good.

this is not related to this sesion, but for your hobby, you may be interested also in some free calculators:   http://www2.electronicproducts.com/Engineering_Calculators_and_Tools.aspx

hmmm - from PCB's to Internet of Things - I must have missed the segway

@AlanJayWeiner: you guessed right. The question was which of the four preceding topics did you find most valuable? I got your answer.

I used OrCAD 16 and didn't have too much trouble with it.

I joined late. What did I miss?

@richnass - joined late, so missed today's question.   from context, I'm guessing...   everything this week has been interesting, FPGAs especially so.   Really sorry I joined late today (based on looking at comments...  But will listen to archive later...)    Would love more sessions on FPGAs.  (I love being right down near the hardware; system software, drivers, etc)  Would love more Max sessions - about anything!

Eagle is also very inexpensive.

Hmm. 5 million of the world's 7 million?

@all Thanks for the suggestions.

Eagle is a great program.  It's easy to use and gives you great boards.

Max -- it looks like something they used at Bentley Park in WWII for intel.

You might look at EAGLE from CadSoft. Lite version is free. Hobbyist version is very cheap (<200USD). Plenty of tutorials out there.

I use Express PCB (4 layers max) and PCB123.  Both free downloads.  PCB123, though, you have to use their PCB fabricator.

@fwjava  - start with this book: Printed circuit board basics for dummies

@bmatts - if you need to start, use something "smarter" than Orcad ...

Any chance on having a session on building circuitboards?  From a hobbyist's need-to-know and budget.

Unless I missed something, interestingly you didn't bring up BGA (ball grid arrays). It is perhaps the predominate way that processor chips are attached to boards (particularily laptops). It of course has it's own advantages and disadvantages and complications.  

Since today is the last class -- anyone who would like to connect with me on LinkedIn -- contact me on LI through:

dfruges@yahoo.com

Regards - Dom

auto placement, auto routers, auto garbage........

@slk Wow!

@RICH: Today's subject is adding a lot of new knowledge for me. I stopped seeking new learning opportunities on printed circuit board technology for quite some time. Because the quality of Max's slides are so good, plus his clear British accent and clear sentences, makes the whole presentation, top notch opportunity to realy learn this stuff.

Were you using OrCAD?

@Kentj - depends how big is your BGA.   My last board I designed, had 26 layers.

Max: which do you like Verilog or VHDL?

gerp124 - plated into the holes/barrels

How does coppoer get into the holes and via's?

BGAs need about 6 layers to get the hundereds of traces out.

Thanks Max - will catch the rest later.

@richnass - would like to see more sessions (or even whole week) on FPGA

I use LPKF Board Maker (Milling Machine). Single or Double sided board for all my R & D board. Laser Version is now availlable.

Thanks Max & Rich.  Great stuff!  Gotta run.

Power and ground planes provide low-impedance power distribution, more important as clock speed increases.

There are even more copper plans. they are used for EMI reasons

good session max, liked the FPGA one best

Sometimes multiple ground planes for shielding effects

@Max - are the power and ground layer technique still in common use today. seems like a lot of waste of copper

Hello everyone.   Got home late so just joining.   (hit *every* red light coming home...  grrr)

@richnass - I am finding todays session most interesting - however all sessions this week have been great. I look forward to more presentations by Max

"Prepreg" = pre-impregnated = fiberglass pre-impregnated with resin

I liked the sessions and the replay will be helpful for those sessions that are most relevant depending on the project I am working on

Hi all From CA. Coming in late today. Thanks for the classes all week by the way.

@fwjava  I use this method all the time and it works great for RF because of the large ground plane. 

Here's some of my Manhattan construction - https://sites.google.com/site/on30ng/bitx20build

I found the introduction to FPGA yesterday the most interesting

@richnass: concerning today's question: all of these sessions have been very interesting and helpful. This may have been the most valuable class yet. Thanks to you, Max, and Digi-Key!

Today's Q: All three good reference to give to others just learning.

RE: today's Q. enjoyed all sessions.

we still have several DIPs in our department here

Glue is often used to attach an SMT component to the board that then goes through the solder bath.

RE: Today's question: All good - chips and packages - loved the history and have fond memories of what we used to call DIPs (what has been referred to as dual in-line ICs in this series) when we were modifying Apple computers to run 80 columes and Z-80 processors (CPM).

Thanks all -- I'm a novice at this.  Marketing Pro at heart.

We were still doing LTH about 8 years ago. We've since moved to SMT.

EEWms - many CMS [contract mfrs in States], but difficult.

All is automated so very little hands-on

I stand corrected

Rich Q  -- thank you.

Fire retardant grade 4, I thought

The "FR" means Flame Retardant (to UL94V-0), and Type "4" indicates woven glass reinforced epoxy resin.

Do any US companies do high-volume board mfg today or is it all overseas?  Sounds labor intensive.

fr4=reinforced fiberglass grade 4

Hello everyone. Sorry, joining late today.

What is FR4 in diagram -- what does it stand for?

Rubylith was great for RF layouts.

started with Indigo ink on velium.  Bishope Graphics decals and tape was a set up.

rubylith lets you cover whole surface then remove unwanted areas, easier for large area coverage than building up areas to keep as you do with traces.

track at 90 degrees is not good!

@bmats, layout internal layers same as surface layers. Keep checking registration to make sure things line up. Fabricate layers individually then laminate together

@bmatts Use some stuff called Rubylith

sounds like a school project it did

LPE, general interest,  don't forget laying tape.

How do you layout your power and ground plans and you keepout areas internal to the board?

I still have some of my early artwork done with Chartpak tape on grid mylar......

@AQPro - today is even much easier.  Those days boards were very-very simple comparig todays boards.

@Johnrm: no virus detected during or after unit 4 download here using Symantec virus tools.

Board layouts in the 60s were layed out on a large sheet of mylar, and traces were drawn with a grease pencil. It was easy to make corrections that way.

@Johnrm - I think the SI set Hertz as the frequency unit in the '60s.

KB9JLO =>  Thanks for the info.  I need to design and build a board

@LevitonDave: "winners" will be notified next week.

I have something that looks like the logic chip board in a Pick-and-Place machine we run

Wire wrap was great for prototyping. Easy to make wiring changes and inserting additional circuit functions.

Did anyone else get a virus or the ppt failed to open from unit 4 download?

For hobbyists -- two articles on a great prototyping / testing and even production method of putting parts to circuit boards using what's called the Manhattan method of PCB construction.

http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~pharden/hobby/HG-MANHAT2.pdf

http://www.qrpme.com/docs/K7QO%20Manhattan.pdf

I built a whole 8088-based board using wire wrap less than 10 years ago.  It took forever!

When did cps change to hertz?

some heathkits used wire wrap

lost audio

First prototype for the Apollo Guidance Computer used cordwood construction, but with drilled-out block holding components for vibration.

Hi all

I have used this (WW) ages ago.

Wire-wrap "guns" were in high demand back in the day.

used to love wirewrap for limited fabrication runs. So easy to correct. A bit tough to debug wiring errors tho

Audio is back, thanks!

I learned how to do this 10 years ago.... and have never used it. :-P

Used this construction for a power disapation - need to get air through it.

Also used in backplanes

I'm still do this!!! =P     .... I'm kiding...

for audio, try F5

All 5 are important, but five images brought more memories from the past.  I started learning electronics in 1959, and we had cordwood construction.

jrm

Used this model in the 70's in areospace.

all of them

I've found all of them to be helpful to me.

Hi All,

Audio is gone

I love the quote

1) New to me are the detailes on IC packaging throughout history

2) On the FPGA more as a refresh course, which is always good.

Hello

all were good

Correction all four, but the first three with the audio problems was not fun.

Conductive inks used for printable RFID "stickers"

Realy as new in this area, all of them help me a lot, and allow me to focus on the electronic areas  we will work on. Thanks for this oportunity.

Manuel

Hi Everyone

Programmable Devices.  I would like to see a whole week devoted to them.

all of them

hi all

This has been a good review. There was no real "new" information. I've had to deal with all of these topics in the past for commercial designs.

If I have to pick one it was IV because of the history lesson. :)

Programmable devices would have been but I can't even hear the archived version.  No audio player.

They were all quite interesting from a reveiw point of view, but I found yesterday's session [Programmable Devices] to be the most useful

I enjoyed all the sessions, but I took the most from yesterday's session on PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES.

circuit and sytem packaging has always been a challenge for me.

#4 FPGAs

Has it started? I am not getting audio.

Part III : Chips and Packages ... but expect today will be even more interesting. :)

All four

Programable devices

they where all interesting.  But the last one was the best up to now

@bmatts - see Hyperlynx s/w and how to build a stack-up

Part 3 and Part 4 were the best so far.

I think it is important to log in at the right place - just under where you found today's slide deck.

All four have had equal importance for me.

PART III Chips & Packages

Yesterdays, about programable logic.

Most beneficial so far:

  a) the FPGA talk contained all-new material for me;

  b) All the other material was VERY good as a review.

Thursday's class

The Microprocessor digital logic.  Sure cleared alot of things up for me.

Day 4 was excellent!

Can't say yet, missed the last 2 days.

Hi Rich, Max, and everyone. I know, a little late.

Thought yesterday's session #4 was the one I found most interesting and informative.

Part IV:  Programmable Devices was great !

Today's also

Programmable Logic (and FPGAs)

Most valuable:  yesterday's, especially FPGAs.

Programable Devices

#4 Thursday

The programmable stuff was most interesting

the talk about FPGA is always interesting and gets my imagination working overtime.

yesterday and today

programmable devices was beneficial to me

Programable devices

Today's will be the most beneficial

Good afternoon

TGIF!

Max, how do you deal with the impedace problems between layers of the board.  Is their a special calculation I can use to headoff these problems?

made it just in time

yea right :)

Good Afternoon Max

The space vacated for the audio player again but still no audio player.

Hello all

audio 5 by 9 here

audio just started loud and clear

Audio is live !

now we have audio!

audio now

there it is :)

@dfruges - clear your browser history

audio !!

Hello from Ohio

dfruges@yahoo.com

Not yet.

no audio yet

no audio here!

Not yet

hello everyone

Happy Friday! Greetings from NW Minnesota.

@dfruges - give me your email and I will send them to you

audio yet?

hello

Good morning from Hilo.

Hello all

@dfruges - try reloading your browser then download again

hello guys

Hi dfruges it took awhile for my slides to download as well.

Hello MAX and RICH,

This was a very good series.

hi all,

Our last day with Max. It's been a fun week!

Hello from Tucson.

Hi to Max and Moderator -- I'm having trouble downloading the slides through the class link.  All the others were OK but this is giving me a problem. 

Any chance you can email them to me ASAP?     Dfruges@yahoo.com

hi Max!

hello Max...looking forward to more british humor

Yesterday was good and I am looking forward to today's lecture.

testing link

Good Afternoon Max from sunny Florida.  I'm really enjoying and learning alot from your presentations.  Thanks.

Hi,

just checking to make sure I am linked.

Good Afternoon  Everyone from Culiaan SInalia Mexico

@dfruges...the way I download using IE 8 is to right click on the link above the "save as". I just now download ok

Okay in W Mich as well

@dfruges PPT OK for me

howdy all

hello to everyone from Dallas...on the way to 100 again today

Downloaded mine yesterday and worked fine.

@dfruges, ppt is ok for me.

Download is Ok here......

for it work well

Hi Rich,

Sorry that it is the final chapter, it has been a good review and helped to fill in some of the background.

When will we know if we have "won" one of the wonderful books? :)

Hello.

I'm having issues with the PPT download.  It won't seem to open, I'm getting an error message.  Anyone else?

Hi everybody

Hello Max

Hi all,

Good afternoon,

MH.

plugged in and ready.

How do we recieve the credit?

Good afternoon from Birmingham, Alabama.

Sorry that this is the last lecture in the series.  These have been fun and informative!

Ready for the final Max chapter?

Please download the slide deck from the link above.

Hi folks. Apologies. I was running a little late.

hello

hi all

Howdy folks!   :)

hello all

hi all

Max: Are we going to have a bagpipe joke today?

Wonder if Max will talk about any of the fun issues associated with High Speed signals, signal coupling and skew?

Good Morning/Afternoon from Sunny Cleveland Ohio.

Home of Rockwell Automation's Advanced Technology Lab.

Good to be back to attend the lecture

Good Afternoon Max and All from Mobile, AL

HI

Slide 27 reminds me of a cartoon or drawing I once saw describing the difference between male and female emotions.

A male's emotions have a single on/off button. The female emotional diagram looks a lot like the analog computer in slide 27 :-)

Good morning all from Emonton, AB

Good Morning/Afternoon from Sunny San Jose, CA

Hello

Rad tebya videt from Chernobyl.

good afternoon, everyone

Hi from Portlandia :)

Hej ;)

Good morning from California!