What breakthroughs drove the cost reduction .... e.g. proof of concepts that showed market potential, therefore investment in process?  What process changes occured ... evolutionary from semiconductor knowledge or revolutionary in chemistry, lithography etc??  Are the fab houses investing millions, billions in retooling ... etc

I saw slide 8 ...

Conceptually I would be thinking along the lines of 'backfilling' voids with an etchable or particle sensitive material that can be removed after cut and bond.  Sort of like making concrete pillars and filling the voids with plaster and etching out the plaster on completion, but with deposition or thermal (or laser?) process, -- chemical (e.g. etching) probably not an option at the back-end processing after wafer cut??? (No I never smoked pot at Berkeley, never even been to Berkeley <wink>)

Interesting presentation and great topic ...

Thanks for archiving these sessions, this is one I wish I were able to attend live ...

"crystalized the thought" ???

HW SW R&D engineer

excellent presentation with very informative graphs

Just catching up

Hi From San Jose, CA

HW/Test R&D Engineer;

Aware of TI, Bosch, STMicro.

Great information, Thank you Alissa and Alex

TI and STmicro

I was out of loop about MEMS sensors till now, I think that it is a low cost driven breakout to use MEMS sensors.

Planning to use gyro sensors

No particular use for MEMS sensors

General interest

HW R&D, Electronic Engineer

Hello from Oregon

Very useful. Good work.

Yes I was aware

Freescale, TI ..........

Have worked on a few projects mostly sensors for pressure, temp, acceleration etc

Sensors and fluidatics

Hardware Engineer

Thank you Alissa and Alex for another great presentation.  Very interesting stuff here.  

You are not alone, Alex: I knew very little about MEMS before today.

I don't think that we have specific plans to incorporate MEMS sensors into the process in the immediate future,  but we are exploring options for a major overhaul of our current process.  

I am primarily hardware, but starting to broaden my horizons in software.

Hello all.

How would height detection work when barometric pressure varies with time? Would there not have to be a reference to ground and communication with the ground sensor?

I was not aware of the diversity of MEMS. I thought there were only a few products, very specialized, for mass market.

Good introduction

Great Introduction

Thanks

Fasinating Stuff looking forward to tommarrow

Listing in again to review the lecture

Good introduction to CEMS. Thank you.

Thank you for a great presentation. Good introduction to MEMS and Application areas.

Thank you for the presentation

Thank you for a great introduction.  Very interesting topic even I am in manufacturing of MEMS, but the application is much wider then I have heard before. 

Like to understand more on the reliability testing on MEMS and reliability criteira.  Unlike silicon devices, MEMS is a electro mechanical structure, many reliability is related to the mechancial strength degradation rather than a electrical parametric shift.  How and what standard MEMS reliability we have today ?  What organization is helping to define this standard ?

Ti, freescale, Triquent, ... etc.

Yes.  Explosion of MEMS come when start to study Wii's application and then learn about printer MEMS technology.

yes

inkjet, biomems, accelometers

Sorry, somehow I hit refresh and hae to listen to the whole presentation over again.  But at least the info is re-enforce as what is MEMS.

TSV is a potential methodology for die stacking - similar to early bumping processing

What was the origin purpose of Bosch research in DRIE methodology to create ulta deep trench ?

precision oscillator (clock application)

Actually using silicon as mechanical structures and manufacturing MEMS devices

MEMS manufacturing engineering

Thanx.

thanks for a good presentation.

Thanks much.

Thanks

thanks!

Thanks you all..

Alissa and Alex (and Digi-Key) - thanks!  Looking forward to the rest of the talks!

Alright! I will e-see you'll tomorrow.

Thank you Dr. Fitzgerald

hi everyone

I know you didn't mean that literally - but that's where great ideas sometimes come from!

Thanks Alissa. What about packaging?  It seems that this is almost as hard as making the device?  Orientation, testing, metrology all seem really hard at such a small scale

MEMS Legos would be a boon to product development - great idea!

MEMS are being used in hearing aids and photonics, to answer a couple of questions below.  And yes, to detect bad breath! (methane...!)

Ok, my time is up today.  I'll look forward to chatting with all of you tomorrow.

thanks Alissa and Alex for the great introduction. See all tomorrow, time to earn my keep.

ALISSA: What about mixing sensing with processing on the same substract.

MEMS processing uses a combination of deposition and subtraction/etch processes.  It all depends what you are trying to make.

There are lots of non-silicon process technologies used in MEMS, such as: ultrasonic drilling, laser drilling, electroplating, molding.  Some people are exploring how to inkjet MEMS and ICs, as well.

Lots of questions about standards - yes, there are a lot of people trying to figure out how best to create and implement standards.  It's a tricky question.  You'll see in my slides Tue-Thur about how many different ways there are to make even just one device, like a gyroscope.  The problem with MEMS is that you need to have vertical features, and to get a certain vertical feature, you need a specific process step.  So the design dictates the process and vice versa.  I think the most likely scenario is that we will standardize process modules, or process steps.  Think standardized Lego blocks that can be put in any order to create a given device.

MEMS is a deposition process.  Do you envision printing technologies eventually being used (e.g. inkjet, microgravure, etc.)?

of course as someone mentioned - crystals have been used in RF for 100 years - what old is new again!

Later this week, I'll be discussing all kinds of MEMS sencors and actuators.

Someone asked about reliability - MEMS are very reliable devices - once they've been properly developed and tested, of course.  Silicon is as strong as steel, and doesn't have a fatigue process like metals do *(there have been some rare exceptions observed, but it's generally not a problem for commercial devices)

Are there any current MEMS production using laser micromachining?

Our company does early stage MEMS development, so you can work with us to develop a new chip before it's ready for manufacture by a foundry.

Hilton Head? Great - we can do a second honymoon there! (32 and counting!)

MIG was trying to come up with testing standars a couple of years ago. Do you know that status of these standards? Did the effort mature?

Audio is off until tomorrow.

Alex - earlier I think you mentioned something about Boston - conference or ???   - what/when is it?

Thanks much Alldds and Alex.

Will you be discussing MEMS oscillators or only MEMS sensors this week?

There are many MEMS foundries that specialize in custom MEMS development: Micralyne, Silex Microsystems, IMT, DALSA, Tronics, Asia Pacific, MEMSCAP, even TSMC

Audi9o is offf. Please help

Thanks for that list! Alissa

With MEMS Technology can you make devices which use a solenoid for actuation?

TIA

Is there going to be a recording of the audio stream for download at some point?

There are a lot of great resources if you're interested to learn more about MEMS:

MEMS Industry Group - their webpage has a lot of resources

IEEE Journal of MicroElectroMechanicalSystems - if you want to read about emerging research and the deep technical details

Conferences:  MEPTEC MEMS Symposium, Santa Clara, CA May 23, Hilton Head Workshop June 3-7 www.hh2012.org, Sensors Expo 2012 in Rosemont, IL, June 5-7

what is the current state of Preasure sensors for height or altitude measurement in mems. Are there any suppliers in this area?

GREAT TOPIC. 

GREAT LECTURE.  new technology every day.  will we ever catch-up???

Question to Alex: what's up with "IRON" vs. "GOLD" - free riders vs those who paid for the class?

"Silicon as a Mechanical Material" - PDF is at http://inst.cs.berkeley.edu/~n245/fa01/PETERSEN.PDF

I appreciate the class. Thankyou

thanks alissa

on slide 13 you talk about gesture recognition - to what device are you referring for this functionality?

Are we to stay here for Q&A or go to another site?

See (hear) you tomorrow Alissa.  BTW, we'd still like to have your photo next to your name here on our forum.  All your predecessors posted theirs as well.

Thank you very much

Excellent presentation!  Want to learn more.  Thank you.

Thanks for a great introduction to a new technology ! Looking forward to follow up courses.

Is there a list of MEMS devices available? Would like to see what's out there.

still got problems with audio, maybe you can arrnage pre system test. Checked both my machines since logging in to webinar desktop will not play any audio now, laptop ok but still could not get lesson audio,

Will try next weeks sessions

thanks

Thank you Alissa for the excellent intro.

Thank you, great intro.

Thanks Alissa & Alex!

thanks for the intro Alissa

2-Questions:1)  MEMS sensitivity to: magnetic fields, electrostatics, electric fields, and if sensitive, how to compensted?

Question2: when is MEMS larger size better than smaller size?

Thanks Alissa!!!

Silicon as a Mechanical Material. KURT E. PETERSEN is also an important paper to refer

Hi everyone, the questions are coming fast, so I'll try to answer as many as I can... and type quickly!

Thanks Alissa and Alex.

Thanks Alex.

thank you

I would be curious to learn how the auto industry packages these to survive vibration.

jpm

@Alissa - are there MEMS freq detectors

Very nice presentation thus far.  Eagerly awaiting the following presentations!

Looking forward to the rest of the week; thanks!

Thx. Alissa and Alex

we must pay tribute to Richard Feynman when we discuss about MEMS

Thanks Allissa, that was a great intro to MEMS

Alissa - Thank you for a great introduction - this is fascinating stuff!

Great into Alissa  thanks

Thanks Alissa, great presentation

Agree with jrjohns. Great intro and looking forward t othe follow-on sessions.

thank you Alissa,

Can you tell us more about efforts to expand production beyond the customized devices MEMS are today? In other words, how can they be produced in higher volumes?

Thank you.  Nice intro.

What is challenge in packaging something like a pressure sensor?

there are many good books / resources on net

Very good, excellent intro, very informative

Thanks, Alissa, for the great presentation!  If I have a custom MEMS design, are there foundries that I can take my design to get them fabricated and packaged?

thanks!

Thanks Alissa - great intro!

Thank you for today's presentation

Thanks Alissa

thanks, very great info

Thank you Alissa! It was a very informative lecture...

Thanks for the presentation!

Thank you!

Is there an alternative to mems products, like accelerometers? in terms of functionality and price?

Great presentation that made me realize how much I don't know about MEMS :-)  Thanks

Excellent into to MEMS. Thank You Alissa!

Is there a good reference book on the present state of the art MEMS? and is there a separate IEEE journal on MEMS?

Thank you. Great intro

Excellent intro

thanks Alissa, great intro and excellent content, thanks again Alex

I'm also curious about long-term reliability and ruggedness - accelerometers in Wii controls and phones seem pretty reliable - other MEMS devices???

What are the available motion sensor MEMS?

Thanks!

Are MEMS generally RoHS-compliant?

any special process is needed for soldering MEMS?

What's the contact lens application on the last slide?

Pardon my stupidity, but is there a video track for these presentations?

How is reliability, how many years of use? DLP? pressure sensors? G force sensors? What % of  cost is package?

hola juri

what are the precuations while assembling MEMS on PCB?

Very helpful presentation, thanks

Are there solder process issues with MEMS?

ALISSA: What is the minimum cost to start making MEMS? Are we close to doing this in the garage? :o)

what is the lifespan of a typical MEMS accelerometer?

I was not aware of the extent of applications of mems in consumer devices.

Are there any issues with reflow of MEMS in board-level manufacturing, or other board design issues to worry about because of packaging?

How compatible non silicon MEMS devices are with integrating with CMOS circuitry?

What are the top (5) US universities doing R&D in MEMS?

Great class, current and very helpful. Keep this stuff coming.

Will you comment on the reliability of MEMS?

@Alissa, how is ther fragile MEMS chip ruggedized once it is packaged?

Kionix, STMicro, TI

You mentioned that the production of MEMS is basically locked up by a number of big players in the industry, but there is still a lot of room for innovation and small ventures to participate. Please elaborate on these opportunities.

hi juri

how critical is packaging in MEMS?

decrease of volume/surface ratio has profound implications for the design of MEMS

luiz - see page 12

mems is not 3d printing.. mems is made by removeing the material rather than adding

I join Lawson's question - wonder if TI is "#1 in MEMS" just because of the DLP?

ALISSA/ALEX: Why not mix the micro-mechanical devices on silicon with IC/ASIC/FPGA in one waffer?

Bosch, STI

Does MEMS relate to 3D printing technology ?

is the class recorded?

the word "scaling" has to be used instead of shrinking

Is TI #1 seller because of DLP?  Do they have other MEMS?

ST Micro, Analog Devices, also some very high-end (and high-priced) MEMS accelerometer companies (Colibrys, Memsic, Vibra-Metrics...)

not aware of specific companies. learning now.

aware of ST Micro for MEMS

TI, STMe, Freescale, Avago

TI and Freescale

ST, honeywell, TI, freescale

Bosch and Qualcomm

aware of Freescale...

Honeywell, TI

Aware of Bosch, ST, Freescale, Analog Devices, Honeywell, VTI, Invensense, Kionix, Murata.

Worked TI DLP. Automotive Bosch and ST micro

Alex - was aware of TI, HP, ST Micro, and Delphi [automotive]

TI

Also of course, Aware of the inkjet companies.

A number of the major companies listed and a few of the smaller ones.

it is supprise to know that TI is the largest MEMS supplier.

aware of TI and HP only

Aware of TI, used Analog Devices

what is the Question that Alex ask last?

NONE, just some research results.

@vimalkumarp - an accelerometer is not necessary MEMS, a MEMS is not only an accelerometer...

Newb...Not aware of specific MEMS mfrs.

Only aware of TI

how voltage need a equip how these

Not reallt aware of any companies. Mostly aware of SANDIA Nat'l Labs

TI, HP, and Panasonic

JM: we're on slide 18

ti and Bosch

ST

benedetto vigna made the first accelerometer

Not aware of who makes MEMS

TI and ST Micro

ANSWER: WHAT MEMS SENSORS  COMPANIES ARE YOU AWARE OF?

KIONIX

what slide are we on...just got here

@caa028 Two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context

Alan - likely as a microphone

50% ST production (Italy) into apple

Benedetto Vigna of ST micro made the first MEMS

AUDIO VOLUME IS LOW

curious - any use of MEMS within hearing aids?

@vimalkumarp - you may want to review what the definition of synonym is...

@iBru:  MEMS for 3D printing would be interesting...

you can print electronic circuit boards etc.

Drop might be due to the cuts in research funds

@Simon: the recession?

I am not aware of the MEMS explosion.. but used MEMS in the past and like Alissa said, paid quite a lot for these sensors..

InkJet will morph into 3D Printing - has already

how come there was a drop in 2009?

Charles - Mass Air Flow Sensor, all manner of pressure sensors - manifold pressure, tire, oil, etc.

how come there is a drop in 2009??? 

MEMS is synonymous with accelerometer

Was not aware of MEMS until about 6 months ago.

Alex: How many people are attending these lectures in the average

Dr. Fitzgerald: You mentioned 40 or so MEMS in Audis and BMWs, especially in airbags and tire pressure sensing. Other than those two, and in electronic stability control, which automotive systems are using those 40 MEMS?

finally good to know that the things in there are called MEMS :-)

evaluated some accelerometers & gyros apps

Yes, even with a sensors background, I am frequently surprised at the new advances and the very low cost of some of these sensors.

Mostly aware of explosion

Will MEMS oscillators be discussed?

I am aware of the explosion of MEMS, but know little about it

UWARENESS: Read something about it 10 years ago about MIT war bugs research, lately I read a paper about this flying insect development. NOT MUCH use beyong the iPhone compass

On the same page with Alex...

MEMS are new to me

Interested in automotive & consumer applications, I am not HW engineer, but business development engineer, so interested in learning about new technology. 

I have been following MEMS for about 2 years since we started our Lab (http://www.acutronic.com/global/us/test-solutions.html)

heard about it.  but no much about it's applications

not aware

I knew MEMES were used as pressure sensors and accelerometers, and they had applications in biomed, too. But was not aware of other applications

Yes, I had worked in a research lab that was pioneering some special MEMS applications in guidance/navigation, biomed, and other sensing applications

Yes - was aware

Knew about much of explosion. Was not aware of bio apps.

Familiar, but trying to get an update and understand overall market factors.

Somewhat familiar

just a bit

Much the same as Alex - Primarily aware about accelerometers & gyros

I was aware of the explosion of MEMS but not to this extent.

had not realized accelerometers is MEMS - other than that, I'm flabbergasted at this - wicked cool stuff!

Out ot the loop until a simple IPOD could be used as a framing level.

More or less out of the loop for MEMS

not aware of the explosive use of MEMS. was under the impression is was a more current technology

ANSWER:  WERE  YOU AWARE OF HOW  ADVANCED MEMS DEVICES HAVE BECOME? (Or were you like me and thought they were still mainly used as accelerometers for auto airbag deployment?)

Aware

what are the common available MEMS for motion detection?

yes, MEMS have exploded in all areas - with more to come {I hope}

just accelerometers and gyros

Semi aware

@Alex - No.  I was not aware of how extensive MEMS has become.

I was aware. I studied cantilevers in grad school

I wasn't familiar with MEMS before this lecture - which is why I joined :)

yes, i was aware of the explosion.

Not in such scope

yes very much aware of MEMS explosion

yes

application interest? - all general info

Some

is there any work on FPGA stacked with MEMS technology?

Half way done and I can not even download the side... what a drag...

i don't hear any

Are MEMS more reliable and robust to failure?

Sorry, hhanley. If Chrome didn't work, I'm out of suggestions. 

@hhanley: some companies block live streams. in that case, you;'ll have to listen to the archive from home.

@danlafleur Maybe the phone won't let you dial certain numbers if you have too much blood alcohol?

Are non silicon MEMS devices compatible with integrating with CMOS circuitry?

sorry, updated both machines with chrome and still no audio. looks like I will have to take a back seat

I've used accelerometers for orientation detection and hard disk protection.  No current projects.

Use MEMS to sense the magnetic filed  displacements and measure the accelorator in G then convert into other parameters through PWM to innitiate motions

if you need a breathalyzer in your phone, you already shouldn't be driving.

Pressure, flow, motion, and any other possible sensors.

acelerometros y radiofrecuencia

Good or bad breath?? B^)

tks it worked

intersted in military sensors and environmental sensors-Joe C

consumer

My main area of interest right now is fairly high-end accelerometers (low-noise, large dynamic range).

We're using MEMS in an ultra low power application

Is there a lot of development being done combining sensors and mechanical systems such as the "bug scenario with a flying insect and a micro-camera" I pictured earlier?

Planning to using MEMS if possible - sensor technology - PH, temp, specific gravity, O2, CO2 etc.

In conjuction with the TI Beagleboard

Interest as sensors

interested in sensors

interested in motion sensing, vibration detection

Consumer, medical or industrial

I have used MEMS in the past for embedded GPS/INS, chemical/biological sensing, and environment monitoring.

Our Lab (http://www.acutronic.com/global/us/test-solutions.html) focuses in inertial sensors (gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers)

We are designing (I2C) host controller to interface with pressure and accelerometer sensors in our next generation chipset

Interested in MEMS as sensors.

Is there an alternative to mems products, like accelerometers? in terms of functionality and price?

No immediate need yet.  Currently investigating.  Thanks.

mostly interested in medical applications and biological sensors/control.

Yes will investigate in next year. Application is postion displacement.

ANSWER (if you haven't): WHAT END-USER AREAS ARE YOU INTERESTED IN, IN TERMS OF MEMS SENSOR APPLICABILITY? Consumer, medical, industrial? What projects/devices specifically?

Have not used MEMS.  Possibly shock/vib detection.

Alissa, do the 'old' 1980's era air bridges on GaAs count as MEMS?

No I'm not using MEMS at this time

planning to use MEMS in robotics

Sensors

quoting alex: " Note however that some companies block live audio streams. If when the show starts you don't hear any audio, try refreshing your browser"

how many cash a sensors 

Rob Thomas - Industrial Designer - Hello

the mems are exoensive

where i buy mems

Do we have audio ?

Where are MEMS manufactured, since processes aren't as standarized?

To hhanley: Try Google Chrome if you have it. 

general interest

pressure, acceleration, strain.

Not currently looking for MEMS as actuators.

interested in all potential applications

i need learn xbee

No, mostly sensors

Interested in sensors

Are some of these devices laser machined?

I have tried my desktop and my laptop, cannot get audio, even updated adobe and refreshed both machines will not pick up the audio

interested in all aspects - I know almost nothing about MEMS

General interest

Interested in hearing of uses across the board, but my apps are likely to use sensor MEMS only.

Bring it all..interested in all thing possible..

Mostly sensor applications

Medical applications for us

interested in pressure, acceleration sensors & microfluidics

Sensors for now, but want to learn.

I am most interested in the sensors (oressure)

Interested to learn about all... may not use all in the future...

Interested in RF switches.

all applications

Interested primarily in sensors.

ALL

General interest in avionics applications.

I'm an electronics engineer. Not currently using MEMS. Optics is an area of interests.

Primarily interested in the sensors

At this time, only sensors.

INVASION OF PRIVACY: This is so cool that it get scary. I'm afraid of the breach of privacy that awaits us: flying buggs with mounted microcamera spying our enymies and also letting others spy on us.

piezo electronics (producing energy)

hi everyone

i am keen on medical applications

just sensors right now

Bring it ALL on...Good to cross-pollinate.

inkjet and microfluidics

medical applications

definitely interested in ALL

Is the microengine just for research or it can be used commercially, too?

hardware design,

Ran - should have been NORMAL, not Norma...

HW/SW/FW, using MEMS accelerometer in current design.

Where can I download the slide? I can not see the slide for some reason

Ran - Might go to the View tab of your Power Point software and click on Norma.  This should provide your with the slide, plus a thumbnail view on the left [with number]

Suggestion: For the balance of the week, it might not be a bad idea to put the slide number on each of the slides.

Has used in the past for air flow and pressure sensing and has not been for a while. No plan in near future.

No MEMS

Slides stil loading.

Hardware and firmware, along with general design engineering.

No application intended

How can MEMS be used in medical robotics

not planning to use, but planning to analyse as reverse engineering

mems microphone

Not currently using MEMS, but plan to.

planning on using

Connection test

Not currently; no plans

Hardware Design. Geolocation Applications.

hence, non-magnetic?

Not currently using

not anytime soon

Not currently, but looking for info.

Hi everyone!

Planning to use (not using yet)

Don't use mems in current products, but use in r&D

Limited use

yes - using MEMS

Not currently using MEMS  Someday.

will use in the future

Current limited use of MEMS; considering using more in a few months to a couple of years.

Have used, plan on in 12

Used accelerometers in the past. Not currently using MEMS, possibly in next year.

Hardware and software. Not using MEMS

@Alex: piezo sensors for accelerometers are next on the schedule

software engineer - mostly embedded

not using mems

Yes. Started using MEMS ~4 years ago.

software side mostly

Not currently

have only played with accelerometers (software side)

Electical Hardware and Systems Engineering

Hardware - Mechanical Engineer

Not curently

not getting the video

adrian

I will be working with MEMS just after 12 months.

not currently using MEMs, or using in the next 12 months... but someday!

Not currently using MEMS currently but plan to.

no and no

No used before, may be use in the future

Just looking for information

no mems yet, i'm looking to add to my problemsolving toolbox.

HW/FW:  Working on MEMS interface ASIC.

Product Development Manager - using MEMs in medical devices

for audio, try F5

ANSWER: ARE YOU USING MEMS SENSORS IN A CURRENT PRODUCT AND/OR ARE YOU PLANNING TO USE MEMS SENSORS IN THE NEXT YEAR?

We are a test laboratory for MEMS based equipment

@Alex: Mostly software, starting to get a grip on Hardware

hardware and hope to be using mems in the next 12 months

not currently using MEMS, no immediate plans

Not currently using MEMS

Hardware

Yes. We are planning to use MEMS in next 12 months.

not yet

In case anyone else is trapped without slides (no gots PPT on this Mac), here's a GoogleDocs version:

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1EUiZYrZ5bG3z1wdHSTzVIJpLKnfpcxf4SBSX1MmZtIo/edit

Hi everyone.

I am still not getting the audio??

Hardware and Software. Mostly Hardware moving towards software.

Hello All.

Hi everyone.

hardware and firmware

No audio and refresh won't work.. I guess I'm blocked by corp.

Hardware & Software - Principal Engineer

H/W & S/W & F/W. 

hardware design

Entire product level - HW, FW, and system.

I'm primarily software (mostly mobile, embedded, drivers, etc) - hardware is various equipment repairs (PC and Xbox 360s) - little design-level knowledge, and know almost nothing about MEMS

Hardware & Software - Sensor Design

Embedded systems, mostly firmware.

Alissa - Where be your foto on this forum?

Hardware engineering, systems engineering and testing.  Former Naval Test and Evaluation Officer for the US Navy's ARLEIGH BURKE destroyer program.  Navy taught me project management.  PMP.  History major, minor in GenEng.

Mech, electromech

Hardware and firmware

Both hardware and software for Embedded Linux - mostly sw... hw side is reqs and testing

Mostly software.  I've worked on projects with accelerometers

software, getting into HW and firmware

hardware/firmware Eng

Mainly H/W.

I'm a hardware and software engineer.

@Alex - HW/SW/FW.

embedded engineering, hardware,firmware and software

mostly computer and communication electronics. some firmware support.