Research from the European Space Agency (ESA) has resulted in an aircraft-grade titanium-aluminum alloy that has properties similar to nickel superalloys but weighs half as much. The research was conducted by participants in the Intermetallic Materials Processing in Relation to Earth and Space Solidification (IMPRESS) project, which the ESA manages.
It's not news that titanium and titanium-aluminum alloys can be lighter and at least as strong as the nickel superalloys used in conventional jet engines, but casting them in complex shapes such as turbine blades has not been easy. The researchers estimated that in the next eight years, manufacturers will produce more than a million jet turbine blades. Using titanium aluminide could reduce their weight by 45 percent over components made of traditional materials.
Research from the European Space Agency has helped to develop an aircraft-grade titanium-aluminum alloy that's half the weight of conventional nickel superalloys but has similar properties. This alloy could make jet turbine blades (such as this one shown in flight) 45 percent lighter. (Source: Creative Commons–A. Rueda)
IMPRESS, a pan-European multi-disciplinary research project in applied material science, consists of 40 research groups and companies. Its primary goal is understanding the links among material processing, the resulting processed material's microstructure, and the final properties of new intermetallic alloys. Topics studied include heat transfer, solidification, mechanical properties, catalysis, circular motion, and microgravity. Besides looking at alloys and solidification processes, the project's team has examined centrifugal casting methods. Applications range from aerospace components to power generation systems. The project is co-funded by the European Commission.
The researchers looked at how changes in gravity affect the behavior of metals during their solidification process. They heated aluminum samples in a small furnace carried by a sounding rocket. After the rocket was launched in Kiruna, Sweden, during six minutes of free fall, or microgravity states, the samples were heated to more than 700C and monitored via X-ray as they cooled.
After viewing the results, the research team decided to try melting and solidifying the metals under the very different conditions of hypergravity. They used the ESA's Large Diameter Centrifuge, located at the European Space Research and Technology Centre, to cast the metals in a centrifuge at up to 20 times normal gravity. This helped ensure that the liquid metals could fill every part of the mold -- even molds created to produce complex component shapes. The result was a perfectly cast alloy that can withstand temperatures of up to 800C.
We've reported before on titanium blades used in jet engines by Pratt & Whitney. Last spring, the company began flight testing its PurePower PW1200G engine family under its PurePower Geared Turbofan program. The fan blades used in this program are made of a proprietary hybrid metallic substance that includes titanium and other metals. Pratt & Whitney concluded that the metallic materials demonstrate better impact resistance for smaller engines (such as the ones in this class) than either pure titanium or molded composites.
One problem I have with this whole thing is that Russia controls titanium. We could gear up for a new titanium world and Russia could cut us off. Look at the threats to the E.U. over natural gas? I would hate to be beholdin' to a belligerent government for my supplies. Remember tantalum just a few years ago?
Russia isn't the only country supplying titanium: it also comes from South Africa, currently the second largest supplier, and elsewhere: http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1392&doc_id=251754
As energy efficiency becomes more and more a concern for makers of electronics devices, researchers are coming up with new ways to harvest energy from sound vibration, footsteps, and even electromagnetic fields in the air.
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