It's no secret that well-designed composite components can shave weight from
cars without giving up an ounce of structural performance. And at the right
production volumes, composites can cost less too. Yet composite components have
a downside when it comes time to joining them to the rest of the vehicle-in part
because holes required by mechanical fasteners can cause stress-concentration
and fatigue-life problems down the road.
So what's the best way to attach composite components? Four presentations
from the Society of Plastics Engineers Automotive Composites Conference, held
recently in Troy, MI, examined some of the joining difficulties and solutions
associated with composites.
VANQUISHING MECHANICAL FASTENERS
For an object lesson in
the potential for adhesive bonding of automotive composites, look no further
than Ford Motor Company's 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish V12. "From its extruded
aluminum space-frame to its carbon-fiber transmission tunnel and
energy-absorbing crash structures, the entire vehicle is adhesively bonded
together," reports John Hill of Ford's Research and Advanced Engineering group
(Dearborn, MI). For the aluminum components, company picked a toughened
single-component epoxy. "However, some of the most challenging parts on the
vehicle are those made of composites," he says.
In all, the Vanquish V12 has 25 composite components, mostly made through
resin transfer molding processes. These include not just the transmission tunnel
but also the front-end crash assembly, the strut brace between the front shock
towers, the rear assembly, and the body sides. "Several of these composite
components were highly loaded structural members that contributed significantly
to the vehicle's performance," Hill recalls.
And like many composites part they weren't easy to join. Hill's presentation
outlines the difficulties faced in one key joint, the one between the 60 kg
carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced front crash structure and the vehicle's cast
aluminum shock towers. This joint has to withstand both frontal and offset crash
loads as well as accommodate build tolerances that later allow the hood and
fender to fit.
Joint design helped out on both scores. Hill describes the joint as having a
large bond area that helps minimize stresses. The joint also features a tapered
groove that has been carefully designed to take up some of the build tolerances
and also oriented so that the joint remains mainly in compression under the
crash loads.
But design alone wouldn't ensure a successful joint. Ford Research engineers
also went through an exhaustive testing process to identify the best adhesive
for the job. After an initial screening, they put three two-component
adhesives-two polyurethanes and one methymethacrylate-through a battery of lab
tests process before settling on one of the polyurethanes. This evaluation
process went well beyond the usual shear-strength tests to include tests for
stressed corrosion durability and creep as well as a dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis (DMTA) and a determination of the shear modulus.
Why so many tests? One reason has to do with shortcomings of the lap
shear test, perhaps the most common strength test in the adhesives business.
"Other than confirming that an adhesive bonds to a substrate, simple lap shear
specimens reveal little about the suitability of an adhesive to a given
application," Hill says. And he argues that shear strength is rarely the
limiting factor in a design problem because it's usually possible to increase a
joint's bond area and lower its stress concentrations.
The other tests, by
contrast, provided much more useful information about the real-world performance
of the adhesive-particularly under corrosive, high-temperature conditions. The
MMA, for example, exhibited the best corrosion performance of the three
candidates. But the creep testing and measurement of tensile modulus via the
DMTA highlighted this adhesive's sensitivity to elevated temperatures, which
sealed the deal for the polyurethane.
For more information on the Vanquish V12, go to http://www.astonmartin.com/html/vanquish.html
OTHER BONDING CHALLENGES
The conference also
covered three other aspects of composite joining.
*A presentation by Dow Automotive engineers examined the use of bonded
metal-plastic composite structures. Unlike some hybrid systems that combine the
metal and plastic at discrete points-whether though overmolded features or heat
staking-the method described here involves continuous adhesive bonds design to
reduce stress concentrations. A key part of this system has been the development
of an acrylic based adhesive capable of bonding low-surface energy materials,
like polypropylene, to other plastics or metals.
*Researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory described ongoing work to overcome the joining issues
associated with joining thick fiber-reinforced composite sections to steel. The
work includes design and manufacturing strategies to get around the "bolt-hole"
difficulties faced by composites.
*Kyoto Institute of Technology researchers discussed ways to use stacking
sequences and laminate thicknesses to influence the ability of matrix-hybrid
composites to combat the stress concentrations that result when these materials
are joined with mechanical fasteners.
For more information on the conference, visit www.speautomotive.com.
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